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Neptune
Quick Facts
 
Length of Day: 16 hours 7 minutes
Diameter: 30,775 miles
Mass: 2.25841541 x 1026 pounds
Effective Temperature: -353°F
Distance from Sun: 2,793 million miles
Atmosphere:
80% hydrogen, 19% helium, 3% methane
Length of Year: 165 Earth years
Moons: 13 known
Rings: 6
Neptune

The weather forecast on Neptune calls for storms, storms and more storms. Cold winds will whip through blue methane clouds at more than 1,200 miles (2,000 km) per hour. The eighth planet from the Sun, Neptune is a cold and distant world.

The gas giants, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn and Jupiter, are located in the outer reaches of the Solar System. Dust in the solar nebula that formed the planets about 4.5 billion years ago was rich in rocky materials and in ices of methane, ammonia, and water.

Neptune and Uranus have cores that are similar in size to Jupiter and Saturn, but their total masses are much smaller. They probably formed more slowly and did not capture as much hydrogen and helium. Neptune may still be in the process of formation. (Image Right: Neptune, Courtesy of NASA)

DID YOU KNOW?
Neptune has not made a complete orbit around the Sun since it was discovered in 1846.
Composition of Neptune (Courtesy of NASA)
Composition of Neptune (Courtesy of NASA)
Features

The first two thirds of gas-giant Neptune are a mixture of molten rock, water, liquid ammonia and methane. The outer third is a mixture of heated gases, including hydrogen, helium, water and methane. Methane gives Neptune is blue cloud color. Scientists think that Neptune's contracting core causes the planet to give off more heat than it absorbs from the Sun.

Six thin, dark rings encircle Neptune. Triton, Neptune's largest moon, is the coldest object measured in the Solar System. It orbits in the opposite direction that Neptune rotates.

Discover more about the features of Neptune at NASA's Solar System Exploration website.

The Great Dark Spot (NASA/ JPL, Voyager 2)
The Great Dark Spot (NASA/ JPL, Voyager 2)
Missions

Launched in 1977, Voyager 2 visited Jupiter in 1979, Saturn in 1981 and Uranus in 1986 before making its closest approach to Neptune on August 25, 1989. Voyager 2 traveled 12 years at an average speed of about 42,000 miles per hour (19 kilometers per second) to reach Neptune, which is 30 times farther from the Sun than the Earth is.

A storm called the Great Dark Spot (half the size of Jupiter's Great Red Spot) and little bright "scooters" of clouds were seen by Voyager 2. Hubble Space Telescope observations of Neptune now show that they have disappeared! Neptune is a surprisingly active planet, especially since it is so far from the Sun.

Discover more about missions to Neptune at NASA's Solar System Exploration website.

Neptune plaque in Adler's Rainbow Lobby (C. Stillwell, Adler Planetarium)
Neptune plaque in Adler's Rainbow Lobby (C. Stillwell, Adler Planetarium)
Myths, Stories, and More

The ancient Romans gave the name Neptune to Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. Like the sea, Neptune had a very nasty temper. He was the brother of Jupiter and Pluto. Neptune's 13 known moons are named for the mythical children of Poseidon.

After defeating their father Saturn, the brothers divided the world into three parts. Jupiter took the sky. Pluto took the underworld. Neptune took the sea. One day Neptune fell in love with a water nymph and married her. Among their several children was Triton (the major moon of the planet).

Read more about Neptune myths and stories at Windows to the Universe.

Earth and Neptune Size Comparison (Courtesy of NASA)
Earth and Neptune Size Comparison (Courtesy of NASA)
Earth Matters

The fourth largest planet, Neptune's diameter is similar to Uranus - about 4 times the diameter of Earth. With a somewhat larger mass than Uranus, Neptune is 17 times Earth's mass. Neptune's powerful winds are 9 times stronger than the strongest you might experience on Earth. Unlike Earth, Neptune's seasons last for years, not months. A single season on Neptune can last more than 40 years..

Explore more about Neptune and Earth at NASA's Solar System Exploration.

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